PRE-scientific management And POST-scientific management

 Pre-scientific management:


  1. Emphasis on individual expertise and experience
  2. Lack of standardized procedures
  3. Limited consideration of worker well-being
  4. No formal management theories or principles
  5. Focus on quantity over quality
  6. Hierarchical structure with clear lines of authority
  7. Little or no worker involvement in decision-making
  8. Little attention to training or development of workers
  9. Limited use of technology or scientific methods
  10. Management practices varied widely across different organizations and industries.



Post-scientific management:


  1. Emphasis on systematic and scientific approaches to management
  2. Standardized procedures and processes
  3. Greater consideration of worker well-being and job satisfaction
  4. Development of formal management theories and principles
  5. Greater focus on quality and continuous improvement
  6. Flatter organizational structures with more flexible roles and responsibilities
  7. Increased worker involvement in decision-making
  8. Greater attention to training and development of workers
  9. Greater use of technology and scientific methods
  10. Management practices became more consistent and similar across different organizations and industries.

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